Finding the best turntable for audiophiles involves balancing sound quality, build integrity, and user features. The Fluance RT87 stands out as the top overall choice for its exceptional clarity and isolation features. For those seeking a blend of high-end performance and value, the Pro-Ject Debut EVO offers a compelling option. Meanwhile, the Audio-Technica AT-LP120XUSB-BK appeals to audiophiles who want versatility with USB and Bluetooth connectivity. Every model here makes tradeoffs—whether in price, complexity, or features—so continue reading for the full breakdown to find your ideal fit.
Complete the kit
Key Takeaways
- The top-ranked turntables combine high-fidelity sound with effective vibration isolation.
- Cartridge quality and tonearm design are critical for achieving audiophile-level clarity.
- Many premium models include features like VTA adjustment and acrylic platters to enhance sound and stability.
- Entry-level audiophile turntables often sacrifice some features but can still deliver impressive sound for a lower price.
- Connectivity options like USB and Bluetooth are common but may introduce compromises in pure analog sound quality.
| turntable for audiophile | Cartridge |
|---|---|
| Fluance RT82 Reference High Fi | Ortofon OM10 |
| Fluance RT87 Reference High Fi | Audio-Technica AT-VM95ML |
| Audio-Technica AT-LP120XBT-USB | AT-VM95E Dual Moving Magnet |
| Fluance RT85 Turntable with Or | Ortofon 2M Blue |
| Audio-Technica AT-LP120XUSB-BK | — |
| Pro-Ject Debut Carbon EVO Wire | — |
| Fluance RT85N Reference High F | Nagaoka MP-110 |
| Audio-Technica AT-LP60XBT-BK F | — |
| Audio-Technica AT-LP70X Automa | AT-VM95C |
| Audio-Technica AT-LP60X-BK Ful | — |
| Technics SL-40CBT-K Premium Cl | Audio Technica AT-VM95C |
| Pro-Ject Debut EVO 2 Audiophil | MM EVO by Ortofon |
More Details on Our Top Picks
Fluance RT82 Reference High Fidelity Vinyl Turntable Record Player with Ortofon OM10 Cartridge
This turntable stands out for delivering warm, natural sound with exceptional accuracy, thanks to its high-quality Ortofon OM10 cartridge and vibration damping features. Compared with the RT85, the RT82 offers similar sound fidelity but at a more accessible price point, making it a versatile choice for serious audiophiles who want high performance without the highest cost. Its high-mass MDF plinth and balanced tonearm contribute to clear, detailed playback, though it requires careful setup as it lacks a built-in preamp. This model is ideal for those seeking a refined listening experience but comfortable with some technical setup.Pros:- Excellent sound quality with warm, natural tone
- Precise speed control with vibration isolation
- Elegant high-quality wood finish
- Detailed and accurate audio reproduction
Cons:- Phono preamp not included
- Requires careful setup for optimal performance
Best for: Audiophiles who prioritize warm, natural sound and do not mind manual setup.
Not ideal for: Beginners or casual listeners who want plug-and-play convenience with built-in features.
- Cartridge:Ortofon OM10
- Plinth Material:High Mass MDF Wood
- Speed Control:Yes
- Vibration Isolation:Yes
- Platter:Metal with resonance damping
- Tonearm:S-shaped, balanced
Our verdict“A top choice for audiophiles who value natural sound and high build quality, willing to handle some setup complexity.”
Fluance RT87 Reference High Fidelity Turntable Vinyl Record Player, Dual Plinth Isolation, VTA Adjustable Carbon Fiber Tonearm, AT-VM95ML Cartridge, Acrylic Platter, Speed Control Motor (Walnut)
The RT87 makes a strong impression with its dual-plinth vibration isolation system and VTA-adjustable carbon fiber tonearm, offering a level of fine-tuning that surpasses the RT82. Unlike the RT85, which focuses on a straightforward high-quality build, the RT87 emphasizes accuracy and detailed sound through its acrylic platter and precise VTA adjustments, though this complexity might be daunting for newcomers. Its high-end cartridge and isolation features make it ideal for audiophiles who want to optimize every aspect of playback, accepting a higher price and setup effort as tradeoffs. This model is best for dedicated listeners who want complete control over their setup.Pros:- Exceptional vibration isolation for pristine sound
- VTA adjustable tonearm for precise cartridge alignment
- Acrylic platter reduces vibrations
- Highly detailed sound reproduction
Cons:- Complex setup process
- Higher price point may be prohibitive for some
Best for: Experienced audiophiles who enjoy customizing their turntable for maximum accuracy.
Not ideal for: Casual listeners or beginners who prefer a simple, automatic turntable with minimal setup.
- Platter:Acrylic, 22mm anti-static
- Tonearm:9-inch carbon fiber, VTA adjustable
- Cartridge:Audio-Technica AT-VM95ML
- Vibration Isolation:Dual-plinth design with isolators
- Motor:Speed control motor
- Material:Walnut wood
Our verdict“Ideal for audiophiles who demand meticulous customization and top-tier sound clarity, despite its complexity.”
Audio-Technica AT-LP120XBT-USB-BK Wireless Turntable with USB and Bluetooth, Black
This fully manual turntable brings high-fidelity sound with the convenience of wireless Bluetooth streaming and USB digitization, setting it apart from purely analog models like the RT86 or RT85. While it offers excellent versatility for digital archiving and wireless playback, it lacks the finesse of dedicated audiophile turntables in terms of pure sound quality; its fully manual operation also demands more involvement from the user. The built-in preamp and adjustable tonearm make it suitable for those who want to bridge analog and digital worlds, though the reliance on manual operation might frustrate casual users. This pick is best for audiophiles who also want digital flexibility.Pros:- Wireless Bluetooth streaming for easy listening
- USB output for vinyl digitization
- High-quality build with adjustable features
- Versatile connectivity options
Cons:- Fully manual operation requires skill
- Setup can be complex for some users
- Potentially higher price for added features
Best for: Audiophiles seeking a turntable that combines analog fidelity with digital convenience.
Not ideal for: Purists who prefer purely high-end, non-digital-focused turntables or automatic operation.
- Connectivity:Bluetooth, USB, RCA
- Speeds:33/45/78 RPM
- Motor:Direct-drive, DC servo
- Cartridge:AT-VM95E Dual Moving Magnet
- Platter:Anti-resonance, die-cast aluminum
- Tonearm:S-shaped, hydraulically damped
Our verdict“Perfect for audiophiles who want high-fidelity vinyl playback with seamless digital integration, accepting some manual operation.”
Fluance RT85 Turntable with Ortofon Cartridge, Acrylic Platter, Speed Control, and Vibration Isolation – Walnut
The RT85 is designed for those who demand high-end sound quality, featuring an Ortofon 2M Blue cartridge and a high-mass acrylic platter that significantly reduces vibrations. Compared to the RT82, the RT85 emphasizes clarity and high-resolution detail, making it perfect for critical listening. Its vibration damping and precise speed control come at a higher price, and it lacks built-in features like a preamp, so it requires external components. This model makes the most sense for dedicated audiophiles willing to invest in their setup for the ultimate listening experience, accepting the need for additional equipment.Pros:- Outstanding high-fidelity sound with detailed high-res audio
- Vibration damping provides cleaner playback
- Elegant walnut finish enhances aesthetic appeal
- High-quality Ortofon cartridge adds precision
Cons:- No built-in preamp
- Higher price range
- Requires external setup and components
Best for: Audiophiles seeking a premium turntable with exceptional sound clarity and build quality.
Not ideal for: Casual listeners or those on a tight budget who prefer integrated features and plug-and-play operation.
- Cartridge:Ortofon 2M Blue
- Platter:Acrylic
- Speed Control:Yes
- Vibration Isolation:Yes
- Finish:Walnut
Our verdict“Best suited for audiophiles who prioritize ultimate sound quality and are prepared for a higher investment.”
Audio-Technica AT-LP120XUSB-BK Direct-Drive Turntable (Analog & USB), Fully Manual, Hi-Fi, 3 Speed, Convert Vinyl to Digital, Anti-Skate and Variable Pitch Control, Black
This turntable combines high-fidelity audio with digital capabilities, making it ideal for users who want to preserve their vinyl collection digitally, unlike the more traditional RTs. Its direct-drive motor ensures stable speed and durability, similar to the RT87, but with the added benefit of USB output and accessories like a dust cover. The fully manual operation, however, demands a certain skill level, and it lacks built-in speakers, requiring external amplification. This model is for those who need a flexible, reliable turntable that can serve both high-quality listening and digital archiving, accepting that manual operation might be a learning curve.Pros:- High-fidelity sound with multiple speed options
- USB output for easy vinyl digitization
- Includes useful accessories like dust cover and RCA cables
- Durable direct-drive motor
Cons:- Fully manual operation requires skill
- No built-in speakers
- Setup may be complex for beginners
Best for: Audiophiles who want to digitize their vinyl and need a versatile, high-fidelity turntable.
Not ideal for: Casual listeners seeking automatic operation or built-in speakers for simple use.
- Motor:Direct-drive DC servo
- Speeds:33/45/78 RPM
- Operation:Fully manual
- Features:Anti-skate, variable pitch control
- Connectivity:USB, RCA
- Color:Black
Our verdict“A highly adaptable turntable for dedicated vinyl collectors who also want digital archiving capabilities, despite requiring manual operation.”
Pro-Ject Debut Carbon EVO Wired Turntable with Sumiko Rainier Cartridge
The Pro-Ject Debut Carbon EVO stands out for its balanced combination of high-fidelity sound and refined design, making it a compelling choice for serious vinyl enthusiasts. Its Sumiko Rainier cartridge delivers warm, detailed audio that rivals pricier models, while its support for 33 and 45 RPM ensures compatibility with most records. Compared to the Fluance RT85N, it offers a more streamlined setup but lacks built-in speakers and wireless features, which might matter to those seeking convenience. The deck’s elegance complements its performance, yet it demands careful calibration and an external sound system, which could be a hurdle for newcomers. If you prioritize classic sound quality and aesthetic appeal over bells and whistles, this model makes a strong case.
Pros:- Exceptional sound clarity with a high-quality cartridge
- Supports both 33 and 45 RPM records for versatility
- Elegant, minimalistic design enhances any setup
Cons:- Requires manual setup and calibration, which can be complex
- No built-in speakers or wireless options, needing external system
Best for: Audiophiles who want a sleek, high-quality turntable that pairs well with a dedicated stereo system
Not ideal for: Casual listeners or those seeking wireless connectivity and built-in speakers for easy, all-in-one use
- Nominal speeds:33/45 rpm
- Effective tonearm mass:6g
- Effective tonearm length:8.6 inches
- Signal to noise:68dB
- Dimensions:16.3 x 4.6 x 12.6 inches
Our verdict“This turntable is ideal for dedicated audiophiles wanting a refined and stylish analog experience without built-in features.”
Fluance RT85N Reference High Fidelity Vinyl Turntable with Nagaoka MP-110 Cartridge
The Fluance RT85N makes a strong impression with its focus on high-fidelity audio, especially for listeners who appreciate rich, dynamic sound. Its acrylic platter and vibration damping feet work together to minimize resonance, producing clearer detail than many entry-level models like the AT-LP60XBT-BK. The Nagaoka MP-110 cartridge adds warmth and depth, making it well-suited for critical listening. Compared to the Pro-Ject Debut Carbon EVO, it offers superior vibration control but at a higher price point and without the sleek minimalism. It lacks a built-in preamp, requiring an external amplifier, which might be a hurdle for casual users. For those prioritizing sound accuracy over convenience, this pick truly shines.
Pros:- Exceptional clarity with vibration damping technology
- High-quality acrylic platter for resonance reduction
- Warm, detailed sound with Nagaoka cartridge
Cons:- No built-in preamp, requiring external amplification
- Higher price compared to basic models like AT-LP60XBT-BK
Best for: Audiophiles who seek a high-end, vibration-isolated turntable for serious listening and detailed playback
Not ideal for: Beginners or casual listeners who prefer plug-and-play simplicity or built-in features
- Cartridge:Nagaoka MP-110
- Platter:Acrylic
- Plinth Material:High Mass MDF Wood
- Speed Control:Yes
- Vibration Isolation:Resonance damping feet
Our verdict“This model is best suited for dedicated listeners who prioritize sound fidelity and isolation over ease of use.”
Audio-Technica AT-LP60XBT-BK Fully Automatic Wireless Belt-Drive Stereo Turntable
The Audio-Technica AT-LP60XBT-BK offers a compelling blend of wireless connectivity and audiophile sound quality, making it ideal for those who want high-fidelity sound without fuss. Its automatic operation simplifies playback, while the Bluetooth feature allows seamless wireless streaming to speakers or headphones. Its die-cast aluminum platter enhances sound stability, matching the performance of more traditional models like the Pro-Ject Debut Carbon EVO. However, it sacrifices some manual control and does not include built-in speakers, meaning users must have an external system for full enjoyment. If you value convenience and modern tech but still crave good sound, this model hits the right notes.
Pros:- Wireless Bluetooth streaming for flexible listening
- Fully automatic operation for ease of use
- Resonance-reducing die-cast platter
Cons:- Limited to Bluetooth and wired connections, no built-in speakers
- Less manual control for audiophiles seeking a hands-on experience
Best for: Casual audiophiles or tech-savvy users wanting wireless streaming and automatic operation
Not ideal for: Serious vinyl purists who prefer manual control or do not want to rely on Bluetooth connectivity
- Connectivity:Bluetooth wireless, dual RCA
- Speeds:33-1/3 and 45 RPM
- Platter Material:Die-cast aluminum
- Operation:Fully automatic
Our verdict“This turntable is best for those who want high-quality sound combined with wireless convenience, sacrificing some manual control.”
Audio-Technica AT-LP70X Automatic Turntable (Black/Bronze)
The Audio-Technica AT-LP70X provides a straightforward, automatic listening experience with solid sound quality, making it suitable for newcomers or casual listeners. Its switchable preamp broadens compatibility, and the J-shaped tonearm helps improve tracking accuracy compared to simpler designs like the AT-LP60X-BK. It offers two speeds, but no 78 RPM, which limits its versatility for older records. Compared to higher-end models, its build quality is more basic, and stylus upgrades can become costly. This turntable balances ease of use with decent performance, though it might not satisfy those demanding top-tier fidelity or manual control.
Pros:- Automatic operation simplifies playback
- Switchable preamp broadens system compatibility
- Includes essential accessories like RCA cable and dust cover
Cons:- Limited to two speeds, no 78 RPM
- Build quality is more basic compared to higher-end models
Best for: Beginner vinyl enthusiasts wanting a reliable, automatic turntable with upgrade potential
Not ideal for: Audiophiles seeking manual operation or professional-grade sound fidelity
- Operation:Fully automatic belt-drive
- Speeds:33-1/3, 45 RPM
- Cartridge:AT-VM95C
- Preamp:Switchable built-in
Our verdict“This model makes a good entry point for newcomers who want automatic operation and flexible connectivity without a hefty price tag.”
Audio-Technica AT-LP60X-BK Fully Automatic Belt-Drive Stereo Turntable, Black
The Audio-Technica AT-LP60X-BK delivers dependable, high-fidelity sound in a straightforward package, making it perfect for casual listeners or those new to vinyl. Its fully automatic operation and redesigned tonearm enhance ease of use and tracking, comparable to the AT-LP70X but at a more accessible price point. While it’s limited to only two speeds and lacks built-in speakers, it offers a simple, plug-and-play experience that can satisfy most entry-level needs. Compared with the more feature-rich models, this turntable prioritizes basic reliability over advanced controls or connectivity options. It’s a smart choice for those wanting a no-fuss turntable that still provides decent sound quality.
Pros:- Easy to operate with fully automatic function
- High-fidelity sound quality for the price
- Redesigned tonearm improves tracking
Cons:- Limited to only two speeds, no 78 RPM
- No built-in speakers or wireless features
Best for: Budget-conscious users seeking reliable automatic playback for casual listening
Not ideal for: Audiophiles or enthusiasts wanting manual control or high-end features
- Drive Type:Belt-drive
- Speeds:33-1/3 and 45 RPM
- Platter Material:Die-Cast Aluminum
- Operation:Fully Automatic
Our verdict“This turntable is ideal for beginners or casual listeners who want reliable, automatic operation without extra complexity.”
Technics SL-40CBT-K Premium Class HiFi Record Player with Bluetooth and Coreless Direct Drive Motor
The Technics SL-40CBT-K stands out for its combination of high-fidelity sound and modern features like Bluetooth connectivity, making it a versatile choice for those who want quality sound without sacrificing convenience. Unlike the Pro-Ject Debut EVO 2, which emphasizes pure audiophile performance, this model offers wireless streaming, simplifying setup in contemporary spaces. However, the Bluetooth feature may introduce slight audio latency, and its limited color options could clash with certain decor styles. The coreless direct drive motor ensures stable playback, and the elegant design fits well in living rooms seeking a refined aesthetic. Still, it requires proper setup for optimal sound, which might deter less tech-savvy users. This pick makes the most sense for audiophiles who want a sleek, easy-to-use turntable with wireless functionality, but not for purists seeking purely analog performance without digital compromises.
Pros:- High-fidelity sound with stable playback thanks to coreless direct drive motor
- Wireless Bluetooth connectivity for easy streaming
- Elegant, compact design fits well in contemporary decor
Cons:- Limited color options may not match all interiors
- Bluetooth can introduce slight latency affecting synchronization
Best for: Modern audiophiles who desire seamless integration with digital devices and stylish design.
Not ideal for: Traditionalists who prioritize pure analog sound over wireless features and are willing to sacrifice aesthetic versatility.
- Motor:Coreless Direct Drive
- Cartridge:Audio Technica AT-VM95C
- Connectivity:Bluetooth
- Dimensions:16.9″ x 5.0″ x 13.9″
- Finish options:Terracotta Brown, Black, Gray
Our verdict“Best suited for audiophiles seeking a stylish, convenient turntable with modern wireless features rather than pure analog performance.”
Pro-Ject Debut EVO 2 Audiophile Turntable with Carbon Fiber Tonearm and MM EVO Cartridge
The Pro-Ject Debut EVO 2 makes a compelling case for audiophiles who prioritize sound purity and build quality. Its carbon fiber tonearm offers exceptional rigidity and low resonance, resulting in clearer, more detailed playback compared to the Technics SL-40CBT-K’s more integrated but less customizable setup. The pre-mounted MM EVO cartridge simplifies setup, but this turntable demands manual adjustments, which could deter those seeking plug-and-play convenience. Compared with the Fluance RT85, which boasts vibration isolation, the EVO 2 emphasizes durability and precise sound reproduction, backed by a 25-year spare parts guarantee. Its higher price point makes it less appealing for casual listeners, but for dedicated enthusiasts, this turntable promises a long-lasting, audiophile-grade experience. It’s best for those willing to fine-tune their setup for optimal performance and who want a turntable built to last decades.
Pros:- Exceptional sound clarity with precision components like carbon fiber tonearm
- Very durable build with a 25-year spare parts guarantee
- Pre-mounted MM EVO cartridge for straightforward setup
Cons:- Requires manual setup and fine-tuning, which can be complex for newcomers
- Higher price may be a barrier for budget-conscious buyers
Best for: Audiophiles who value detailed sound and long-term reliability, ready to spend time on setup and adjustment.
Not ideal for: Casual listeners or beginners who prefer automatic operation and minimal setup effort.
- Tonearm:Carbon Fiber
- Cartridge:MM EVO by Ortofon
- Platter Material:Die-cast aluminum
- Guarantee:25 years
Our verdict“Ideal for dedicated audiophiles seeking a durable, high-performance turntable that rewards precise setup and long-term use.”
How We Picked
The products in this roundup were selected based on their performance, build quality, and suitability for high-fidelity sound reproduction. We prioritized models with solid tonearms, high-quality cartridges, and effective vibration damping, as these are essential for audiophile-grade playback. Ease of use and reliability also played roles, especially for those who want a setup that performs at a high level without constant maintenance. Rankings reflect a balance between pure audio performance, value for money, and feature sets that appeal to dedicated listeners seeking an authentic analog experience.Factors to Consider When Choosing Best Turntable For Audiophiles
Choosing the best turntable for audiophiles requires evaluating several key factors that influence sound quality and usability. While price is often a consideration, understanding the importance of components like cartridges, tonearms, and motor stability can help you identify models that truly elevate your listening experience. Avoiding common pitfalls, such as underestimating the importance of isolation or overpaying for unnecessary features, ensures you get the best value. This guide covers the main aspects to consider to make an informed choice tailored to your specific needs.Sound Quality and Cartridge Performance
The core of any audiophile turntable is its ability to faithfully reproduce sound. High-quality cartridges, especially moving magnet (MM) or moving coil (MC) types, significantly impact clarity, detail, and bass response. Investing in a turntable with a good cartridge or the ability to upgrade easily can make a noticeable difference. Be mindful that some turntables come with entry-level cartridges that may need replacement down the line for true audiophile performance.
Build Quality and Vibration Isolation
High-fidelity sound depends heavily on how well the turntable isolates vibrations. Heavy, sturdy platters made from acrylic or glass, along with well-designed chassis and adjustable feet, help reduce resonance that can muddy audio quality. Many premium models incorporate dual plinths or vibration damping materials to keep unwanted noise out of the signal path. Skimping on build quality often results in less detailed sound and more background noise.
Tonearm Design and Adjustability
The tonearm’s design influences tracking accuracy and overall sound fidelity. Features like VTA adjustment, anti-skate controls, and balanced counterweights give audiophiles precise control over playback. Carbon fiber tonearms tend to be more rigid and lighter, reducing tracking errors. Choosing a turntable with a high-quality, adjustable tonearm ensures you can optimize your setup for the best possible sound reproduction.
Connectivity and Additional Features
Today’s audiophile turntables often include USB outputs for digitizing vinyl and Bluetooth for wireless listening. While these features add convenience, they can sometimes compromise the purity of analog sound if not implemented carefully. Consider whether you need digital outputs or if your priority is pure analog playback. Additional features like speed control, pitch adjustment, and removable cartridges can enhance flexibility but may add complexity and cost.
Price and Upgrade Potential
Higher-priced turntables typically offer superior components and build quality, but they also often provide upgrade paths, such as better cartridges or tonearms. Balancing your budget against your desire for future upgrades is key. Entry-level models can still deliver excellent sound but may lack features like VTA adjustment or damping, which are valuable for serious audiophiles seeking the highest fidelity.
Frequently Asked Questions
Should I prioritize a built-in phono preamp or buy one separately?
Having a dedicated external phono preamp generally results in better sound quality compared to built-in options, which are often more budget-oriented. An external preamp allows for more precise gain control and can be upgraded independently of the turntable. If your amplifier lacks a phono input, then a quality external preamp becomes even more essential for achieving the best sound reproduction.
Is a direct-drive or belt-drive turntable better for audiophile use?
Many audiophiles prefer belt-drive turntables because they tend to produce less motor noise and offer smoother operation, which benefits sound clarity. Direct-drive models are known for their stability and quick start times, making them popular in DJ setups but also capable of high-fidelity playback. The choice depends on your specific priorities: for pure audio quality, belt-drive is often favored, but modern direct-drive designs can also satisfy audiophile standards if they include effective isolation features.
How important is cartridge upgradeability in selecting a turntable?
Cartridge upgradeability is quite significant for audiophiles aiming to refine their sound over time. Many high-end turntables allow you to swap cartridges easily, enabling you to experiment with different brands and types for tailored sound profiles. Investing in a turntable with a removable headshell or cartridge mount can save money long-term, as you can upgrade components without replacing the entire unit, maintaining your system’s performance over years.
Do I need special cables or accessories for high-quality vinyl playback?
Yes, investing in good-quality RCA cables, grounding wires, and possibly isolation mats can reduce noise and improve overall sound clarity. Proper setup, including correct grounding and positioning, makes a noticeable difference in sound fidelity. While basic cables are often sufficient initially, audiophiles frequently upgrade to premium cables to eliminate potential interference and achieve the purest signal transmission.
Are expensive turntables worth the investment for casual listening?
For casual listening, spending a lot on high-end turntables may not be necessary, as many affordable models deliver excellent sound quality for everyday use. However, if you value high fidelity and want a turntable that can grow with your listening experience, investing more can pay off in terms of build quality, longevity, and upgrade options. Ultimately, balancing your budget with your desire for sound perfection will guide your decision.
Conclusion
For most dedicated audiophiles, the Fluance RT87 offers a superb balance of sound quality and build features, making it the best overall choice. Those seeking a high-end, upgradeable experience should consider the Pro-Ject Debut EVO for its premium tonearm and cartridge options. Beginners or casual listeners on a budget will find the Audio-Technica AT-LP60XBT sufficiently capable without sacrificing too much fidelity. If ultimate sound purity and expandability matter most, investing in a high-end model like the Fluance RT85 or Technics SL-40CBT-K makes sense. Your ideal pick depends on your listening priorities, budget, and willingness to customize your setup.
